A clause that cannot stand alone — it depends on a main clause.
Also called: dependent clause.
In precise terms
A clause functioning as a constituent of another clause, whether as a complement, an adverbial, or a modifier. Subordination is typically signalled by a conjunction, a special verb form, or a distinctive word order.
An example
Weil es regnet, bleiben wir zu Hause.
Because it is raining, we are staying home.
What is going on here
'Weil es regnet' is subordinate: the conjunction 'weil' introduces it and the finite verb 'regnet' moves to the end. That verb-final order is the reliable signal of subordination in German, more reliable than the conjunction itself.
Why this matters when you are learning a language
Subordination is the main tool for building complex thought. It is also where several languages change word order, so recognising a subordinate clause is a prerequisite for parsing anything beyond simple sentences.
Across languages
German moves the verb to the end; Japanese places its subordinators after the clause; Turkish frequently avoids finite subordinate clauses altogether, using participles and verbal nouns instead.
Related terms
- ClauseBeginner — A unit built around one verb, with its subject and any objects — the building block of a sentence.
- Relative clauseIntermediate — A clause that modifies a noun — 'the book that I read'.
- Word orderIntermediate — The order in which subject, verb and object normally appear.
- Modifier and complementIntermediate — A modifier adds optional information; a complement is required to complete the meaning.
Where to go next
- Language guides — See grammatical and lexical categories used in context.
- Terminology quiz — Test the terms on this page.