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Portugal Portuguese for English speakers

Flashcards — 423 words

Reveal each card, then rate your recall — the schedule adapts (SM-2) and is stored on your device.

⬇ Download this 423-word deck: CSV · TSV · Anki · .apkg — import into Anki or any SRS app.
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Vocabulary reference

The complete table below is the same 423-term list used by this guide's SRS deck and downloads.

Hover or tap a highlighted term to see its English meaning and copy it. With a keyboard, Tab to the first term and use the arrow keys; source status is shown in the popup.

#Portugal PortugueseEnglish
1no; not
2yes
3I
4he; him; it
5she; her; it
6we
7they (m/mixed)
8you (plural)
9me; myself
10you (object, informal)
11oneself; himself/herself
12me (after preposition)
13with me
14with oneself/you
15with us
16my; mine (m)
17my; mine (f)
18my; mine (m pl)
19your; his; her; its (m)
20your; his; her; its (f)
21who; whom
22which; what
23when
24where
25to where
26how; as; like
27because
28why (as a noun); the reason
29how much; how many
30a; an; one (f)
31very; a lot; much
32more; plus
33less; fewer
34so (with adjectives)
35so much; so many
36quite; enough; a lot
37all; every (m)
38everyone; all (m)
39each; every
40some; any (m)
41some; any (f)
42no; none; not any (m)
43something
44someone; somebody
45no one; nobody
46nothing; not at all
47everything
48another; other (m)
49another; other (f)
50same; even; really (m)
51same (f)
52any; whichever
53this (m)
54this (f)
55that (m, near you)
56that (f, near you)
57this (thing)
58that (thing)
59that (over there)
60that one (m, far)
61to be (permanent)
62I am
63he/she/it is; is
64they are
65was; used to be
66was; went (he/she/it)
67I was; I went
68will be
69to be (state/location)
70I am (state)
71he/she/it is (state)
72was (state); I/he was
73to have
74I have
75has; there is/are
76had; used to have
77be sure; rest assured
78to exist; there to be (formal)
79there is/are; ago (formal)
80to do; to make
81does; makes; ago
82I did; I made
83doing; making
84do; make (command)
85to go
86goes; is going to
87we go; let's go
88to come
89comes; come
90to give
91to be able to; power
92I can
93can; is allowed
94could; would be able
95to want; to love
96I want
97wants
98to know (a fact)
99I know
100knows
101to know (a person/place)
102knows (someone)
103to say; to tell
104says
105said (he/she)
106to speak; to talk
107speaks; speak (command)
108to see
109I saw
110to hear; to listen
111I heard
112to listen
113to look
114look; hey (attention)
115to think
116to think; to find
117I think; I guess
118to believe
119I believe
120to like
121I like; taste
122to love
123I love
124love
125to hate
126to need
127I need
128must; to owe; duty
129must; should
130to let; to leave
131to help
132help; helps
133to stay; to become
134to take; to grab; to catch
135to leave; to go out
136to enter; to go in
137to arrive
138to return; to come back
139to wait; to hope
140to eat
141to drink
142to sleep
143to die
144death
145to kill
146to live
147to be born
148to buy
149to pay
150to work
151work; job; I work
152to begin; to start
153to finish; to end
154to finish; to run out
155to stop
156to change; to move house
157to use; to wear
158to walk; floor (of building)
159to run
160to take; to carry
161to bring
162to find; to meet
163to look for; to search
164to lose; to miss
165to win; to earn
166to count; to tell
167to show
168to put; to place
169to take out; to remove
170to understand
171to manage; to be able
172to try
173to continue
174to ask (a question)
175question; asks
176to ask for; to order
177to call; to name
178to call (phone); to turn on
179hello
180hi
181hello (on the phone)
182hey
183goodbye; farewell
184thank you (said by a male)
185favor (as in 'por favor', please)
186please
187sorry; excuse me (formal)
188pleasure; nice to meet you
189congratulations
190health; bless you; cheers
191well; fine; good
192badly; barely; evil
193good (m)
194good (f)
195great; excellent
196better; best
197worse; worst
198big; large; great
199big (pl)
200small (m)
201small (f)
202tall; high; loud
203short; low; down
204new (f)
205old (m)
206strong
207easy
208hard; difficult
209fast; quick
210late; afternoon
211far
212near; close
213hot
214happy
215sad
216handsome; pretty (m)
217pretty; beautiful (f)
218beautiful; gorgeous (m)
219beautiful; gorgeous (f)
220funny
221strange; stranger
222crazy
223right; correct; sure
224wrong
225truth; true
226clear; of course
227important
228possible
229different
230next; near (m)
231last (m)
232first (m)
233only; unique (m)
234whole; entire
235serious; seriously
236safe; sure; insurance
237ready; done
238full
239man
240woman; wife
241person
242people; folks; (a gente = we, colloquial)
243people (a nation)
244child
245boy
246girl
247young man; guy
248young; young person
249friend (m)
250friend (f)
251family
252father; dad
253mother; mom
254son
255daughter
256brother
257sister
258uncle
259aunt
260husband
261wife
262baby
263sir; mister; you (formal m)
264madam; ma'am; you (formal f)
265house; home
266home
267room; bedroom
268living room; hall
269bed
270table
271door
272city; town
273street
274place
275school
276hospital
277food
278coffee; café; breakfast
279water
280car
281money
282book
283music
284film; movie
285party
286telephone
287day
288night; evening
289morning
290today
291tomorrow
292yesterday
293now
294week
295month
296year
297hour; time (o'clock)
298minute
299moment
300time (occurrence); turn
301time; weather
302always
303never
304already; now; right away
305still; yet
306before
307after; afterwards
308soon; right away
309then; so
310while
311during
312here
313there (near you)
314there; over there
315there (far)
316here
317inside
318outside; out
319top; up (em cima = on top)
320side
321front
322behind; back
323middle; half; means
324right (direction); law; straight
325without
326for; to; in order to
327on; about; over
328between; among
329against
330until; up to; even
331since; from
332but
333however; but
334also; too
335maybe; perhaps
336like this; so; that way
337only; just
338almost
339really; truly
340exactly
341simply; just
342finally
343probably
344careful; care; watch out
345calm; take it easy
346luck
347fear
348reason; right (ter razão = to be right)
349idea
350name
351life
352thing
353part
354case; in case
355way; manner; knack
356form; way; shape
357number
358two (m)
359two (f)
360three
361five
362ten
363thousand
364head
365hand
366eye
367mouth
368heart
369body
370face
371hair
372foot
373blood
374God
375problem
376history; story
377war
378police
379doctor; medical
380teacher; professor
381president
382country
383government
384a little; a bit
385again
386why
387excuse me
388why (at end of question)
389longing; missing someone (untranslatable)
390you (informal singular, Portugal)
391you (after a preposition, Portugal)
392your; yours (informal singular, Portugal)
393your; yours (informal singular feminine, Portugal)
394you (plural or regional/formal usage; verify locally)
395bus (Portugal usage)
396train (Portugal usage)
397mobile phone (Portugal usage)
398refrigerator (Portugal usage)
399bathroom (Portugal usage)
400breakfast (Portugal usage)
401juice (Portugal usage)
402suit; outfit (Portugal usage)
403lorry; truck (Portugal usage)
404stop (transport, Portugal usage)
405pedestrian crossing (Portugal usage)
406outdoor café seating (Portugal usage)
407girl; young woman (Portugal usage)
408child; kid (Portugal usage)
409cool; nice (Portugal usage)
410nice; great (informal Portugal usage)
411young man; waiter (Portugal usage)
412espresso coffee (Lisbon usage)
413milk coffee (Portugal usage)
414custard tart (Portugal usage)
415ATM; debit-card payment network (Portugal)
416unemployed (Portugal usage)
417retired (Portugal usage)
418rent; hire (Portugal usage)
419to rent; lease (Portugal usage)
420local authority (Portugal usage)
421civil parish (Portugal)
422municipality (Portugal)
423services; public offices (context-dependent)
A1.1Foundations · internal study sequence

1. Portugal Portuguese: scope before speed

The graded readers below are original passages written for LinguaCommons to give each CEFR band sustained text in the target language. They are teaching material, not corpus evidence: they are not attested usage, not quotations, and not drawn from any published source. Vocabulary is drawn from this guide's own SRS deck wherever possible, so every passage is auditable against the flashcards on the same page. Grammar and usage claims elsewhere in the guide remain sourced to the citations at the foot of the page.

This is an English-first guide to Portuguese as used in Portugal (pt-PT). Portugal itself has regional and social variation, and Portuguese is used across many places; this regional label does not make a single pronunciation, vocabulary item, or social practice universal.12

The 423-card bank is a transparent teaching selection, not a frequency claim or a complete description of Portugal Portuguese. Shared-language cards are distinct from the labelled regional layer. A short English gloss is a recall cue, not every sense, register, or regional distribution.3

Sound and writing: learn through bounded evidence

Camões provides a European Portuguese pronunciation course with original materials and exercises. Use those materials for actual audio practice rather than inferring an entire pronunciation system from a word list.12

Study taskBoundary
spellingUse current orthographic references; do not infer pronunciation from English spelling.
listeningLog speaker, place, medium, and date before generalising.
pronunciationWork with a course or recording actually scoped to the variety.
variationKeep regional, social, and individual choices separate.

Interaction and reference

Portugal PortugueseEnglish
no; not
yes
euI
he; him; it
she; her; it
we
they (m/mixed)
you (plural)
meme; myself
teyou (object, informal)
seoneself; himself/herself
me (after preposition)
with me
with oneself/you
with us
my; mine (m)
my; mine (f)
my; mine (m pl)
your; his; her; its (m)
your; his; her; its (f)
who; whom
which; what
when
where
to where
how; as; like
because
why (as a noun); the reason
how much; how many
a; an; one (f)
very; a lot; much
more; plus
less; fewer
so (with adjectives)
so much; so many
quite; enough; a lot
all; every (m)
everyone; all (m)
each; every
some; any (m)
some; any (f)
no; none; not any (m)
something
someone; somebody
no one; nobody
nothing; not at all
everything
another; other (m)
another; other (f)
same; even; really (m)
A1

Exercise: interaction and reference

Practice: Recall an attributed dictionary form. The prompt does not present a newly composed target-language sentence as attested input.. Type the missing word — accents are optional.

  1. 1.no; not =
  2. 2.yes =
  3. 3.I =
  4. 4.he; him; it =
  5. 5.she; her; it =
  6. 6.we =
  7. 7.they (m/mixed) =
  8. 8.you (plural) =
  9. 9.me; myself =
  10. 10.you (object, informal) =

10 questions

Grammar reference: See this guide's deck provenance and regional-usage boundary.. Sentences are original to LinguaCommons.

Time and people

Portugal PortugueseEnglish
same (f)
any; whichever
this (m)
this (f)
that (m, near you)
that (f, near you)
this (thing)
that (thing)
that (over there)
that one (m, far)
to be (permanent)
I am
éhe/she/it is; is
they are
was; used to be
was; went (he/she/it)
I was; I went
will be
to be (state/location)
I am (state)
he/she/it is (state)
was (state); I/he was
to have
I have
has; there is/are
had; used to have
be sure; rest assured
to exist; there to be (formal)
there is/are; ago (formal)
to do; to make
does; makes; ago
I did; I made
doing; making
do; make (command)
irto go
goes; is going to
we go; let's go
to come
comes; come
to give
to be able to; power
I can
can; is allowed
could; would be able
to want; to love
I want
wants
to know (a fact)
I know
knows
A1

Exercise: time and people

Practice: Recall an attributed dictionary form. The prompt does not present a newly composed target-language sentence as attested input.. Type the missing word — accents are optional.

  1. 1.same (f) =
  2. 2.any; whichever =
  3. 3.this (m) =
  4. 4.this (f) =
  5. 5.that (m, near you) =
  6. 6.that (f, near you) =
  7. 7.this (thing) =
  8. 8.that (thing) =
  9. 9.that (over there) =
  10. 10.that one (m, far) =

10 questions

Grammar reference: See this guide's deck provenance and regional-usage boundary.. Sentences are original to LinguaCommons.

For a word that changes a travel, health, public-service, or interpersonal decision, check a current local reference. A static deck cannot safely replace live guidance.

Home, body, and everyday needs

Portugal PortugueseEnglish
to know (a person/place)
knows (someone)
to say; to tell
says
said (he/she)
to speak; to talk
speaks; speak (command)
to see
viI saw
to hear; to listen
I heard
to listen
to look
look; hey (attention)
to think
to think; to find
I think; I guess
to believe
I believe
to like
I like; taste
to love
I love
love
to hate
to need
I need
must; to owe; duty
must; should
to let; to leave
to help
help; helps
to stay; to become
to take; to grab; to catch
to leave; to go out
to enter; to go in
to arrive
to return; to come back
to wait; to hope
to eat
to drink
to sleep
to die
death
to kill
to live
to be born
to buy
to pay
to work
A1

Exercise: home, body, and everyday needs

Practice: Recall an attributed dictionary form. The prompt does not present a newly composed target-language sentence as attested input.. Type the missing word — accents are optional.

  1. 1.to know (a person/place) =
  2. 2.knows (someone) =
  3. 3.to say; to tell =
  4. 4.says =
  5. 5.said (he/she) =
  6. 6.to speak; to talk =
  7. 7.speaks; speak (command) =
  8. 8.to see =
  9. 9.I saw =
  10. 10.to hear; to listen =

10 questions

Grammar reference: See this guide's deck provenance and regional-usage boundary.. Sentences are original to LinguaCommons.

Food, nature, and places

Portugal PortugueseEnglish
work; job; I work
to begin; to start
to finish; to end
to finish; to run out
to stop
to change; to move house
to use; to wear
to walk; floor (of building)
to run
to take; to carry
to bring
to find; to meet
to look for; to search
to lose; to miss
to win; to earn
to count; to tell
to show
to put; to place
to take out; to remove
to understand
to manage; to be able
to try
to continue
to ask (a question)
question; asks
to ask for; to order
to call; to name
to call (phone); to turn on
hello
oihi
hello (on the phone)
eihey
goodbye; farewell
thank you (said by a male)
favor (as in 'por favor', please)
please
sorry; excuse me (formal)
pleasure; nice to meet you
congratulations
health; bless you; cheers
well; fine; good
badly; barely; evil
good (m)
good (f)
great; excellent
better; best
worse; worst
big; large; great
big (pl)
small (m)
small (f)
tall; high; loud
short; low; down
new (f)
old (m)
strong
easy
hard; difficult
fast; quick
late; afternoon
A2

Exercise: food, nature, and places

Practice: Recall an attributed dictionary form. The prompt does not present a newly composed target-language sentence as attested input.. Type the missing word — accents are optional.

  1. 1.work; job; I work =
  2. 2.to begin; to start =
  3. 3.to finish; to end =
  4. 4.to finish; to run out =
  5. 5.to stop =
  6. 6.to change; to move house =
  7. 7.to use; to wear =
  8. 8.to walk; floor (of building) =
  9. 9.to run =
  10. 10.to take; to carry =

10 questions

Grammar reference: See this guide's deck provenance and regional-usage boundary.. Sentences are original to LinguaCommons.

For a word that changes a travel, health, public-service, or interpersonal decision, check a current local reference. A static deck cannot safely replace live guidance.

Movement and services

Portugal PortugueseEnglish
far
near; close
hot
happy
sad
handsome; pretty (m)
pretty; beautiful (f)
beautiful; gorgeous (m)
beautiful; gorgeous (f)
funny
strange; stranger
crazy
right; correct; sure
wrong
truth; true
clear; of course
important
possible
different
next; near (m)
last (m)
first (m)
only; unique (m)
whole; entire
serious; seriously
safe; sure; insurance
ready; done
full
man
woman; wife
person
people; folks; (a gente = we, colloquial)
people (a nation)
child
boy
girl
young man; guy
young; young person
friend (m)
friend (f)
family
father; dad
mother; mom
son
daughter
brother
sister
uncle
aunt
husband
wife
baby
sir; mister; you (formal m)
madam; ma'am; you (formal f)
house; home
home
room; bedroom
living room; hall
bed
table
door
city; town
street
place
school
A2

Exercise: movement and services

Practice: Recall an attributed dictionary form. The prompt does not present a newly composed target-language sentence as attested input.. Type the missing word — accents are optional.

  1. 1.far =
  2. 2.near; close =
  3. 3.hot =
  4. 4.happy =
  5. 5.sad =
  6. 6.handsome; pretty (m) =
  7. 7.pretty; beautiful (f) =
  8. 8.beautiful; gorgeous (m) =
  9. 9.beautiful; gorgeous (f) =
  10. 10.funny =

10 questions

Grammar reference: See this guide's deck provenance and regional-usage boundary.. Sentences are original to LinguaCommons.

Verb anchors

Portugal PortugueseEnglish
hospital
food
coffee; café; breakfast
water
car
money
book
music
film; movie
party
telephone
day
night; evening
morning
today
tomorrow
yesterday
now
week
month
year
hour; time (o'clock)
minute
moment
time (occurrence); turn
time; weather
always
never
already; now; right away
still; yet
before
after; afterwards
soon; right away
then; so
while
during
here
there (near you)
there; over there
there (far)
here
inside
outside; out
top; up (em cima = on top)
side
front
behind; back
middle; half; means
right (direction); law; straight
without
for; to; in order to
on; about; over
between; among
against
until; up to; even
since; from
but
however; but
also; too
maybe; perhaps
like this; so; that way
only; just
almost
really; truly
exactly
simply; just
finally
probably
careful; care; watch out
calm; take it easy
luck
fear
reason; right (ter razão = to be right)
idea
name
A2

Exercise: verb anchors

Practice: Recall an attributed dictionary form. The prompt does not present a newly composed target-language sentence as attested input.. Type the missing word — accents are optional.

  1. 1. =
  2. 2.food =
  3. 3.coffee; ; breakfast =
  4. 4.water =
  5. 5.car =
  6. 6.money =
  7. 7.book =
  8. 8.music =
  9. 9.film; movie =
  10. 10.party =

10 questions

Grammar reference: See this guide's deck provenance and regional-usage boundary.. Sentences are original to LinguaCommons.

For a word that changes a travel, health, public-service, or interpersonal decision, check a current local reference. A static deck cannot safely replace live guidance.

Descriptions and connectors

Portugal PortugueseEnglish
life
thing
part
case; in case
way; manner; knack
form; way; shape
number
two (m)
two (f)
three
five
ten
thousand
head
hand
eye
mouth
heart
body
face
hair
foot
blood
God
problem
history; story
war
police
doctor; medical
teacher; professor
president
country
government
a little; a bit
again
why
excuse me
why (at end of question)
B1

Exercise: descriptions and connectors

Practice: Recall an attributed dictionary form. The prompt does not present a newly composed target-language sentence as attested input.. Type the missing word — accents are optional.

  1. 1.life =
  2. 2.thing =
  3. 3.part =
  4. 4.case; in case =
  5. 5.way; manner; knack =
  6. 6.form; way; shape =
  7. 7.number =
  8. 8.two (m) =
  9. 9.two (f) =
  10. 10.three =

10 questions

Grammar reference: See this guide's deck provenance and regional-usage boundary.. Sentences are original to LinguaCommons.

Graded reader — em Lisboa

Chamo-me Rui e moro em Lisboa, num prédio antigo com uma escada estreita. numa papelaria do mercado e começo às nove horas. De manhã tomo um e uma torrada com manteiga. O fica na , por chego depressa. A do balcão chama-se Fátima e a : « , é o costume?». Eu digo que , das minhas rotinas.

A minha é . uma e um primo da minha idade. A minha chama-se Inês e dezoito anos; o primo chama-se Tiago. Os pais vivem no Porto, daqui, e falo com ao domingo. A minha trabalha num e o é . vou lá, comemos peixe e ficamos à muito tempo a conversar.

é domingo e a loja fechada. pão e junto ao rio. bom : o céu limpo e frio. No jardim há crianças, cães e um que vende castanhas quentes. Sento-me num banco e leio o jornal meia . Passa um eléctrico amarelo e barulho. À vou jantar com amigos num restaurante do bairro. Eles falam depressa, eu percebo . é um dia especial, e tenho pressa.

English

My name is Rui and I live in Lisbon, in an old building with a narrow staircase. I work in a stationery shop near the market and I start at nine. In the morning I have a short black coffee and eat toast with butter. The café is on my street, so I get there quickly. The woman behind the counter is called Fátima and she always asks the same thing: “Morning — the usual?” I say yes, because I like my routines.

My family is small. I have a sister and a cousin my own age. My sister is called Inês and she is eighteen; my cousin is called Tiago. My parents live in Porto, far from here, and I speak to them on Sundays. My mother works in a hospital and my father is a teacher. When I go there, we eat fish and stay at the table talking for a long time.

Today is Sunday and the shop is closed. I want to buy bread and then walk by the river. The weather is good: the sky is clear and it isn't cold. In the gardens there are children, dogs and a man selling hot chestnuts. I sit on a bench and read the paper for half an hour. A yellow tram goes past making a lot of noise. This evening I'm going to have dinner with two friends at a restaurant in the neighbourhood. They talk fast, but I understand almost everything. It isn't a special day, but I'm fine and I'm in no hurry.

B1.1Address and variation · internal study sequence

5. Address forms need relationship and locality

Treatment choices such as tu and você are socially and regionally sensitive. Use the Ciberdúvidas consultation route and real local interaction to check a specific relationship; do not treat this guide as a universal politeness rule.12

Before you choose a formCheck
relationshipHow participants address each other in the relevant setting.
placeWhether a source actually scopes the usage geographically.
genreConversation, official writing, and media may pattern differently.
responseAdjust if the person you address signals a preference.

Graded reader — Tu, você, o : o das três portas

comecei a no atendimento ao público, me explicou devia tratar as pessoas. No tratei por tu cliente de setenta anos e percebi imediatamente que , pela endireitou as costas. A seguir, compensar, chamei «o senhor» a um colega da idade, que se riu e me exagerar. Passei a inteira a hesitar de frase.

Com o percebi que o português europeu , na prática, portas e nenhuma delas é neutra. O tu serve amigos, colegas próximos e . O senhor ou a marca respeito e distância, e continua vivo com pessoas velhas e em contextos formais. O você, que aos estrangeiros parece a solução , é o traiçoeiro: em Portugal soar seco ou ofensivo consoante o e a , ao contrário do que acontece no Brasil.

A saída que encontrei evitar o pronome. Em de «você um saco?», pergunto « um saco?», e o problema desaparece. se pode o ou o cargo da : «o doutor precisa de mais ?». Não é um truque elegante, resolve, e deu-me tempo para aprender a como as pessoas se tratam antes de decidir como as vou tratar a elas.

English

When I started working with the public, nobody explained how I was supposed to address people. On the first day I used tu with a customer of seventy and knew at once that I had got it wrong, from the way she straightened her back. Then, overcompensating, I called a colleague my own age o senhor, and he laughed and told me not to overdo it. I spent the whole morning hesitating before every sentence.

In time I realised that European Portuguese has, in practice, three doors and none of them is neutral. Tu is for friends, close colleagues and family. O senhor or a senhora marks respect and distance, and remains alive with older people and in formal settings. Você, which looks like the easy option to foreigners, is the most treacherous: in Portugal it can sound curt or even offensive depending on who says it and to whom — unlike in Brazil.

The way out I found was, most of the time, to avoid the pronoun altogether. Instead of asking “você quer um saco?”, I simply ask “quer um saco?”, and the problem disappears. You can also use the person's name or title: “o doutor precisa de mais alguma coisa?”. It isn't an elegant trick, but it works, and it bought me time to learn how people address each other before deciding how to address them.

B1.2Regional layer · internal study sequence

6. Label regional vocabulary; do not universalise it

This final layer labels words learners often encounter in Portugal. It removes Brazilian-only conversational/texting cards from the source bank, but does not claim the remaining shared Portuguese vocabulary belongs only to Portugal.123

Labelled regional forms

Portugal PortugueseEnglish
longing; missing someone (untranslatable)
tuyou (informal singular, Portugal)
tiyou (after a preposition, Portugal)
your; yours (informal singular, Portugal)
your; yours (informal singular feminine, Portugal)
you (plural or regional/formal usage; verify locally)
bus (Portugal usage)
train (Portugal usage)
mobile phone (Portugal usage)
refrigerator (Portugal usage)
bathroom (Portugal usage)
breakfast (Portugal usage)
juice (Portugal usage)
suit; outfit (Portugal usage)
lorry; truck (Portugal usage)
stop (transport, Portugal usage)
pedestrian crossing (Portugal usage)
outdoor café seating (Portugal usage)
girl; young woman (Portugal usage)
child; kid (Portugal usage)
cool; nice (Portugal usage)
nice; great (informal Portugal usage)
young man; waiter (Portugal usage)
espresso coffee (Lisbon usage)
milk coffee (Portugal usage)
custard tart (Portugal usage)
ATM; debit-card payment network (Portugal)
unemployed (Portugal usage)
retired (Portugal usage)
rent; hire (Portugal usage)
to rent; lease (Portugal usage)
local authority (Portugal usage)
civil parish (Portugal)
municipality (Portugal)
services; public offices (context-dependent)
B1

Exercise: regional vocabulary

Practice: Recall an attributed dictionary form. The prompt does not present a newly composed target-language sentence as attested input.. Type the missing word — accents are optional.

  1. 1.longing; missing someone (untranslatable) =
  2. 2.you (informal singular, Portugal) =
  3. 3.you (after a preposition, Portugal) =
  4. 4.your; yours (informal singular, Portugal) =
  5. 5.your; yours (informal singular feminine, Portugal) =
  6. 6.you (plural or regional/formal usage; verify locally) =
  7. 7.bus (Portugal usage) =
  8. 8.train (Portugal usage) =
  9. 9.mobile phone (Portugal usage) =
  10. 10.refrigerator (Portugal usage) =

10 questions

Grammar reference: See this guide's deck provenance and regional-usage boundary.. Sentences are original to LinguaCommons.

Graded reader — normas no corredor

A colega chegou de Paulo em Outubro e o o sotaque, o vocabulário. Pedi-lhe pôr os papéis no armário e procurou um guarda-roupa. , no , pediu um suco e o empregado trouxe-lhe um . Quis apanhar o e «ônibus», e eu levei um segundo a perceber. daquilo : eram duas normas da língua a encontrarem-se no mesmo corredor.

Há palavras que em Portugal se ouvem os dias e que do do Atlântico soam estranhas, e ao contrário . em de trem, em de celular, em de banheiro, em de café da . A junta-se a construção que me denuncia falo com brasileiros: eu digo « a trabalhar» e dizem «estou trabalhando», e nenhum dos soa natural ao outro.

Ao fim de alguns meses deixámos de nos corrigir. Ela continuou a «legal» e eu continuei a «», e aprendemos a reconhecer a palavra do outro a adoptar. Foi o mais útil que tirei da experiência: que é regional não a torna , e o que interessa é marcá-la mentalmente local de a repetir noutro sítio. Um dicionário dá-nos a palavra; só o uso nos é que ela mora.

English

My colleague arrived from São Paulo in October and the first problem wasn't the accent, it was the vocabulary. I asked her to put the papers in the armário and she went looking for a wardrobe. Then, in the café, she asked for a suco and the waiter brought her a sumo. She wanted to catch the autocarro and said ônibus, and it took me a second to follow. None of it was wrong: it was two standards of the same language meeting in the same corridor.

There are words heard every day in Portugal that sound strange on the other side of the Atlantic, and the other way round too. Comboio instead of trem, telemóvel instead of celular, casa de banho instead of banheiro, pequeno-almoço instead of café da manhã. To this add the construction that gives me away most when I talk to Brazilians: I say estou a trabalhar and they say estou trabalhando, and neither sounds natural to the other.

After a few months we stopped correcting each other. She went on saying legal and I went on saying fixe, and we learned to recognise the other's word without adopting it. That was the most useful thing I took from it: knowing a form is regional doesn't make it worse, and what matters is marking it mentally as local before repeating it somewhere else. A dictionary gives you the word; only use tells you where it lives.

B2.1Input and precision · internal study sequence

7. Build accountable listening and reading

For each source, record who is speaking or writing, where, when, and in which medium. Use the external courses and reference routes below for real input; do not detach a short quotation from its licence and context.

PassAction
1Read or listen for setting and relationship.
2Mark familiar cards; do not mine every unknown form.
3Check consequential unknowns in a cited reference.
4Keep author, URL, licence, and access date for reusable excerpts.
5Label your response as learner production.

Graded reader — notícia acreditar nela toda

O curso começava com um exercício que achámos uma perda de : ouvir minutos de noticiário e anotar, de opinião, falava, de , em que data e que órgão de comunicação. A formadora insistia em que disséssemos se concordávamos tivéssemos respondido àquelas quatro perguntas. Ao princípio protestámos; descobrimos que metade do que julgávamos ouvido na gravação.

O que me surpreendeu verificar é que o ouvinte acrescenta sem dar por . Uma frase «fontes próximas do ministério apontam para um atraso» não afirma que vá atraso, que seja que fica na memória meia depois. que começámos a distinguir que o jornalista sustentava, o que citava e o que deixava sugerido, os mesmos três minutos tornaram-se longos e tranquilizadores.

Não creio que método sirva para nos enganarmos; serve para nos enganarmos de mais barata. Se eu registar a fonte e a data, daqui a um rever pensei o que pensei, que entretanto tenha mudado de opinião. E se não reconstruí-lo, que aquilo não informação: uma impressão que na altura me deu e que passei a repetir como se a tivesse verificado.

English

The course opened with an exercise almost all of us thought was a waste of time: listen to three minutes of news and note down, before offering any opinion, who was speaking, from where, on what date and for which outlet. The trainer insisted we not say whether we agreed until we had answered those four questions. At first we objected; then we discovered that half of what we thought we had heard wasn't in the recording.

What surprised me most was seeing how much the listener adds without noticing. A sentence like “sources close to the ministry point to a possible delay” does not claim there will be a delay, even if that is what stays in the memory half an hour later. As soon as we began separating what the journalist asserted, what they quoted and what they merely left hanging, the same three minutes became much longer and a good deal less reassuring.

I don't think this method stops you being wrong; it makes being wrong cheaper. If I record the source and the date, a year from now I can review why I thought what I thought, even if I have since changed my mind. And if I can't reconstruct it, then I already know it wasn't information: it was an impression that suited me at the time and that I went on repeating as though I had checked it.

C1Responsible advanced use

8. Make narrower, better-supported claims

At advanced levels, distinguish standard spelling, regional usage, individual style, historical contact, and institutional language. Do not convert an illustrative source from one city or register into a rule for every speaker.

Before publishingMinimum evidence
formCurrent dictionary or corpus route.
regional claimA source actually scoped to that region.
meaning/registerContext beyond a bare word list.
example sentenceDirect attribution and reuse-rights check.
teaching labelClear statement that it is editorial, not certification.

Graded reader — O custo de afirmar demais

Convém desconfiar das descrições que apresentam língua um bloco homogéneo. «em Portugal pronuncia-se » é cómodo, encerra generalização que nem sequer se sustenta do distrito, e se compararmos a urbana com a rural ou a de gerações seguidas. A redução das vogais átonas, citar o falado, admite variação geográfica e social que raramente cabe no resumo de um manual.

O é a simplificação em si, que no ensino é inevitável, mas o desaparecimento do rasto que permitiria desfazê-la. Um manual que afirme de o dado obriga o leitor a aceitá-lo ou a descartá-lo por , -termo. Em contrapartida, uma afirmação delimitada — «segundo os dados do Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, na fala de…» — corrigida mais que o resto caia com .

Daí a insistência no hábito de escrever o alcance da conclusão. Não se trata de encher o texto de reservas o tornar ilegível, o que não , mas de garantir que afirmação leva a informação mínima para ser discutida: observou, onde, e com que método. O resto é estilo, e o estilo aprende-se da prudência.

English

It is worth distrusting descriptions that present a language as a homogeneous block. Saying “in Portugal it is pronounced this way” is convenient, but it contains a generalisation that does not hold even within a single district, still less if you compare urban with rural speech, or two consecutive generations. The reduction of unstressed vowels, to cite the most-discussed case, admits geographical and social variation that rarely fits a textbook summary.

The problem is not simplification itself, which is unavoidable in teaching, but the disappearance of the trail that would let you undo it. A textbook that asserts something without specifying where the fact came from forces the reader to accept or reject it whole, with no middle ground. A bounded claim, by contrast — “according to data from the Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, in the speech of…” — can be corrected later without everything else falling with it.

Hence the insistence on the habit of writing the scope before the conclusion. This is not about filling the text with qualifications until it becomes unreadable, which helps nobody either, but about ensuring each claim carries the minimum information needed for it to be argued with: who observed, where, when, and by what method. The rest is style, and style is learned before caution is.

C2Continue with cited sources

9. Research and learning routes

Graded reader — O purista do

Há um género de conversa que em Portugal se repete com a pontualidade de um relógio: anuncia que a língua se a estragar, que os jovens já sabem escrever e que antigamente as pessoas liam. -se com a indignação satisfeita, encostado ao balcão, e remata-se com um «enfim, é o que temos» que desarma discussão de . podia responder; raramente vale a pena.

O curioso é que se queixa costuma partido tira da língua que diz a defender. O que denuncia os estrangeirismos acabou de pestanejar, e exige rigor aos outros emprega um conjuntivo de manual lhe convém e abandona-o que se exalta. Não há hipocrisia nisso, ou não inteiramente: há uma língua viva a funcionar com toda a normalidade na de alguém convencido de a assistir ao funeral.

Se estas cenas me ensinou , que o purismo aponta sempre trás e o próprio falante. considera degradação que aprendeu em ; a decadência começa, por definição, a seguir. E, entretanto, a língua continua a a única que sempre fez, que é de mãos, adaptar-se ao ofício de quem a usa e sobreviver confortavelmente a quem a chora.

English

There is a kind of conversation that recurs in Portugal with clockwork punctuality: someone announces that the language is being ruined, that young people can no longer write, and that people used to read. It is always delivered with the same satisfied indignation, propped against the counter, and rounded off with an “ah well, it is what it is” that disarms any argument before it starts. One could reply; it is rarely worth it.

The curious thing is that whoever complains most is usually also whoever gets most out of the language they claim to be defending. The same man denouncing foreignisms has just used three without blinking, and the one demanding rigour of others deploys a textbook subjunctive when it suits him and drops it the moment he gets heated. There is no hypocrisy in it, or not entirely: there is a living language working perfectly normally in the mouth of someone convinced he is attending its funeral.

If listening to these scenes has taught me anything, it is that purism almost always points backwards and never at the speaker himself. Nobody regards what they learned as a child as degradation; the decline begins, by definition, immediately afterwards. And meanwhile the language goes on doing the only thing it has ever done, which is change hands, adapt to the trade of whoever uses it, and comfortably outlive those who mourn it.

Notes & Bibliography

  1. Camões, I.P., Centro Virtual Camões, ‘Área Aprender,’ accessed 2026-08-04. Links to a European Portuguese pronunciation course and a beginner conversation guide. [source]
  2. Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa, treatment-form consultations, accessed 2026-08-04. Used to preserve social and regional caution around tu, você, and address choices. [source]
  3. LinguaCommons Portugal Portuguese local evidence collection (2026-07-21). Its generic Portuguese machine-translated rows were explicitly quarantined and are not presented as Portugal-specific evidence. [source]
Before you go — cover the meanings and check yourself

The meanings are covered. Say each one to yourself first, then uncover it.

  • autarquia
  • freguesia
  • concelho
  • serviços

Covering the answer turns reading into testing, and testing is what moves a word from recognised to available. It needs no app and no setup — a folded sheet of paper over one column does it.

Other methods worth the effort